Résumés
Résumé
Le copépode calanoïde Eurytemora affinis est un complexe d’espèces clés des réseaux trophiques estuariens. En dominant les communautés planctoniques dans la plupart des estuaires de l’hémisphère nord, E. affinis permet un transfert d’énergies vers les niveaux trophiques supérieurs. Il influence directement le recrutement des espèces de poissons et constitue une espèce clé des zones d’alevinage. E. affinis est en réalité un complexe d’espèces cryptiques composé de 6 clades morphologiquement similaires, mais possédant des histoires évolutives distinctes. Dans la zone de transition estuarienne du Saint-Laurent, 2 clades (Atlantique et Nord-Atlantique) sympatriques, spatialement ségrégués, dominent la communauté zooplanctonique. Chacun des 2 clades semble exploiter différents types d’habitats en fonction de sa tolérance physiologique à la salinité et à la disponibilité de nourriture. Nous discuterons des études récentes en mettant l’accent sur la répartition, la différenciation génétique, mais aussi l’écologique de ces espèces du complexe d’E. affinis afin de mieux comprendre leurs influences respectives sur le fonctionnement et la productivité de l’écosystème unique que représente la zone d’alevinage de l’estuaire du Saint-Laurent.
Mots-clés :
- copépode,
- écophysiologie,
- marqueurs trophiques,
- zooplancton,
- Québec
Abstract
The calanoid copepod Eurytemora affinis is a cryptic species complex composed of 6 genetically distinct but morphologically similar clades. These dominate planktonic communities, and are considered the keystone species of many estuarine food webs in the northern hemisphere, channeling carbon and energy to higher trophic levels. In doing so, they directly influence the recruitment of many fish species. The Atlantic and the North-Atlantic clades co-occur in the St. Lawrence estuarine transition zone (Québec, Canada), but their distribution is spatially segregated. Both clades exploit various habitats depending on their physiological tolerance to salinity and resource availability favouring niche partitioning. In this review, we discuss recent studies on E. affinis, focussing on distribution patterns, and the ecological and genetic differentiation of co-occurring clades. The aim is to provide a clearer understanding of the influence of this species complex on productivity and ecosystem functioning in the St. Lawrence estuarine transition zone, which is an important fish nursery.
Keywords:
- copepod,
- ecophysiology,
- Québec,
- trophic markers,
- zooplankton
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Parties annexes
Remerciements
Nous aimerions remercier Catherine Lambert Koizumi qui nous a invités à contribuer à ce numéro thématique sur le fleuve et le golfe du Saint-Laurent. Nous remercions chaleureusement nos collaborateurs qui ont participé aux recherches présentées ici. Les études étaient principalement financées par les fonds du CRSNG à la découverte de GW ainsi que par des fonds du CRSNG projets stratégiques (un sur la moule zébrée et un sur la biodiversité des organismes holoplanctoniques). Cela représente une contribution au regroupement stratégique du FRQNT Québec-Océan.
Notes biographiques
Gesche Winkler est professeure à l’Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski (ISMER). Sa thématique de recherche porte sur l’écologie du zooplancton en intégrant l’aspect de l’hétérogénéité spatiale dans les milieux estuariens et côtiers, les enjeux des changements climatiques, des ressources marines et des activités humaines.
Jory Cabrol (M. Sc) réalise actuellement son doctorat sur l’écophysiologie des copépodes et du krill à l’ISMER.
Jean-Baptiste Favier (M. Sc.) travaille sur les habitats et la structure trophique des communautés zooplanctoniques estuariennes.
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