Résumés
Résumé
Depuis 1970, les Jeux d’hiver de l’Arctique (JHA) rassemblent des jeunes du monde circumpolaire. Rencontre sportive et culturelle, ils valorisent le partage et l’échange entre jeunes de même que les pratiques culturelles et sportives autochtones (jeux Dene, sports arctiques). Ils entendent ainsi participer à bâtir une communauté arctique. Cet article propose une réflexion sur cet évènement et montre que ce type de rencontre, au-delà de son aspect sportif, peut constituer un levier de développement social, culturel, éducatif pour un territoire. Partant, ce texte consiste en une interrogation du mouvement sportif contemporain. En questionnant la valeur publique des JHA, il discute du paradigme sur lesquels les évènements sportifs internationaux sont aujourd’hui construits.
Mots-clés :
- Jeux d'hiver de l'arctique,
- évènement,
- Jeux régionaux,
- jeunesse,
- culture,
- sport
Abstract
Since 1970, the Arctic Winter Games (AWG) have brought together young people from the circumpolar world. A meeting of sport and culture, they promote sharing and exchange among young people, as well as Aboriginal cultural and sports practices (Dene Games, Arctic sports). They intend to participate in building an Arctic community. This article proposes a reflection on this event and shows that this type of encounter, beyond its sporting aspect, can be a lever of social, cultural and educational development for a territory. Therefore, this text consists of a question of the contemporary sports movement. Questioning the public value of AWG, it discusses the paradigm on which international sporting events are built today.
Keywords:
- Arctic Winter Games,
- event,
- Regional Games,
- youth,
- culture,
- sport
Resumen
Desde 1970, los Juegos de Invierno del Ártico (JIA) reúnen a jóvenes del mundo circumpolar. Encuentro deportivo y cultural, valoran el intercambio entre jóvenes, así como las prácticas culturales y deportivas indígenas (juegos Dene, deportes árticos). De este modo, pretenden participar en la construcción de una comunidad ártica. Este artículo propone una reflexión sobre este acontecimiento y muestra que este tipo de encuentro, más allá de su aspecto deportivo, puede constituir una palanca de desarrollo social, cultural, educativo para un territorio. Por consiguiente, este texto consiste en una interrogación del movimiento deportivo contemporáneo. Al cuestionar el valor público de las JIA, discute el paradigma sobre el cual se construyen los acontecimientos deportivos internacionales.
Palabras clave:
- Juegos de invierno del Ártico,
- acontecimiento,
- Juegos regionales,
- juventud,
- cultura,
- deporte
Veuillez télécharger l’article en PDF pour le lire.
Télécharger
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Attali, M. (2019). Les défis de l’héritage des Jeux Olympiques et Paralympiques. De la croyance aux possibilités. Revue internationale et stratégique, 114(2), 127-137. https://doi.org/10.3917/ris.114.0127
- Augustin, J.-P. & Dallaire, C. (dir.) (2007), Les enjeux du sport et des jeux dans la francophonie canadienne. MSHA.
- Augustin, J.-P. & Gillon, P. (2021). Les jeux du monde, géopolitique de la flamme olympique. Armand Colin.
- Augustin, J.-P. & Sorbets, C. (dir.) (1997). La culture du sport au Québec. MSHA.
- AWG (2020). Mission, Vision, Values. https://JHA2020.org/mission-vision-values/
- AWG (2021). Economic and social impact reports. https://www.arcticwintergames.org/Social_Economic.html
- Bell D. (2003). Encyclopedia of International Games. Mc Farland & Company.
- Bernasconi, G. (2011). Les Jeux régionaux, manifestations de proximité. In T. Terret (dir.), Histoire et géopolitique du sport (p. 271-287). L’Harmattan.
- Binder, D. L. (2012). Olympic values education: evolution of a pedagogy. Educational Review, 64(3), 275-302. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2012.676539
- Bourbillères, H. & Koebel, M. (2020). Les processus de contestation dans le cadre des candidatures des villes européennes aux Jeux olympiques et paralympiques 2024. Movement & Sport Sciences/Science & Motricité, 107, 17-29. https://doi.org/10.1051/sm/2019032
- Capitaine, B. (2012). Autochtonie et modernité : l’expérience des Innus au Canada [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris.
- Caratti, P., & Ferraguto, L. (2012). The role of environmental issues in mega-events planning and management processes: which factors count? In G. Hayes, & J. Karamichas (Eds.), Olympic games, mega-events and civil societies: globalization, environment, resistance (p. 109-125). Palgrave Macmillan.
- Charrier, D., Jourdan, J., Bourbillères, H., Djaballah, M. & Parmantier, C. (2020). L’impact social des grands événements sportifs : réflexions théoriques et méthodologiques à partir de l’Euro 2016. Movement & Sport Sciences/Science & Motricité, 107, 3-15. https://doi.org/10.1051/sm/2019029
- Chatziefstathiou, D. (2012). Olympic education and beyond: Olympism and value legacies from the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Educational Review, 64(3), 385-400. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2012.696094
- Créquy, A. (2014). Identité, tourisme et interculturalité au Groenland. L’Harmattan.
- Da Silva, E. (2008). Être « arctique » : identité et territoire. In V. Appel, C. Bando, H. Boulanger, G. Crenn, V. Croissant & B. Toullec (Eds.), La mise en cultures des territoires (p. 75-83). Presses Universitaires de Nancy.
- Dallaire, C. (2003). Sport’s impact on the francophoneness of the Alberta Francophile Games (AFG). Ethnologies, 2, 33-58. https://doi.org/10.7202/008047ar
- Dallaire, C. (2007). Les festivals sportifs et la reproduction des communautés minoritaires : une analyse comparative des jeux francophones au Canada. In J.-P. Augustin & C. Dallaire (dir.), Les enjeux du sport et des jeux dans la francophonie canadienne (p. 139-172). MSHA.
- Delsahut, F. (2020). Les World Eskimo-Indian Olympics, Fairbanks Alaska, 1961. Gazette Coubertin, 63-64, 27-29.
- Djaballah, M., Hautbois C., & Desbordes M. (2015). Non-mega sporting events’ social impacts: A sensemaking approach of local governments’ perceptions and strategies. European Sport Management Quarterly, 15(1), 48–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2014.1000353
- Doll-Tepper, G. (2014). The Culture and Education Programme. In D. V. Hanstad, M. Parent & B. Houlihan (Eds.), The Youth Olympic Games (p. 122-137). Routledge.
- Errais, B. & Fatès, Y. (1989). Les Jeux régionaux, témoins de l’universalisation des sports. M@ppemonde, 2, 26-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20171202080246/https://www.mgm.fr/PUB/Mappemonde/M289/p26-28.pdf
- Férez, S., Ruffié, S. & Héas, S. (2008). Le sport dans la communauté. Expressions minoritaires et appropriations des espaces sportifs : entre rejet et revendication de la normalité sportive, GéoGraphie. https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00346300
- Férez, S., Ruffié, S., & Héas, S. (2018). Recognizing geographic and cultural alterity through sport? Institutionalizing the Arctic Games (1967-2004). Diagoras: International Academic Journal on Olympic Studies, 2, 27-46. http://www.diagorasjournal.com/index.php/diagoras/article/view/20
- Ferrand, A. & Chappelet, J.-L. (2015). « Smaller is beautiful » : vers de plus petits événements sportifs ? Reflets et perspectives de la vie économique, 3(LIV), 111-125. https://doi.org/10.3917/rpve.543.0111
- Field, R., & Kidd, B. (2016). Canada and the Pan-American Games. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 33(1-2), 217-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2016.1152960
- Fuchs J. (2021). Les Jeux d’hiver de l’Arctique. In C. Piard (dir.), L’aventure olympique. D’autres jeux (p. 77-83). L’Harmattan.
- Giles, A. R. (2005). The acculturation matric and the politics of difference: women and Dene Games. The Canadian Journal of Native Studies, XXV(1), 355-372.
- Girginov. V., & Hills, L. (2009). The political process of constructing a sustainable London Olympics sports development legacy. International Journal of Sport Policy, 1(2), 161-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940902950713
- Giulianotti, R., Armstrong, G., Hales, G., & Hobbs, D. (2015). Sport mega-events and public opposition: A sociological study of the London 2012 Olympics. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 39(2), 99–119. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723514530565
- Gouguet, J.-J. (2015). L’avenir des grands événements sportifs : la nécessité de penser autrement. Revue juridique de l’environnement, HS15, 95-115.
- Heine, M. (1997). Colliding identities in Arctic Canadian sports and Games. Sociological Focus, 30(4), 357-372. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.1997.10571086
- Heine, M. (2005). “It’s a competition, not a show!ˮ Traditional games at Arctic Winter Games. Stadion, 31(1), 145-159.
- Heine, M. (2013). No “Museum Piece”: Aboriginal Games and Cultural Contestation in Subarctic Canada. In C. Hallinan, & B. Judd, Native Games: Indigenous Peoples and Sports in the Post-Colonial World (pp. 1-19). Emerald.
- Hinch, T., & Ramshaw, G. (2014). Heritage sport tourism in Canada, Tourism Geographies: An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment, 16(2), 237-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2013.823234
- Kellett, P., Hede, A.M., & Chalip, L. (2008). Social policy for sport events: Leveraging (relationships with) teams from other nations for community benefit. European Sport Management Quarterly, 8(2), 101–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740802024344
- Lankford, S., Szabo, C., Lagaree, I., & Neal L. L. (2000) Arctic Winter Games: a Study of Benefits of Participation. Journal. The Official Magazine of the International Council for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sport and Dance, XXXVI(4), 51-54.
- Loland, S. (2014). The Youth Olympic Games and the Olympic ideal. In D. V. Hanstad, M. Parent & B. Houlihan (Eds.), The Youth Olympic Games (pp. 19-33). Routledge.
- MacIntosh, E. W., Parent, M., & Culver, D. (2019). “Understanding Young Athletes”. Learning at the Youth Olympic Games: A Sport Development Perspective. Journal of Global Sport Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2018.1561206
- Mahadevan, R., & Ren, C. (2019). To Value or not to Value the Arctic Winter Games. Event Management, 23, 93-107. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599518X15378845225375
- Maillard, C. & Monnin, E. (2014). Une éducation à l’olympisme est-elle possible ? Éducation et socialisation, 36. https://doi.org/10.4000/edso.940
- Maxwell, K., Mittner, L., & Stien, H. H. (2020). Conceptualizing the North. Nordlit, 46. https://doi.org/10.7557/13.5703
- Moore, M. (2013). Recognising public value. Harvard Press.
- Nordhagen, S. E., & Fauske, H. (2018). The Youth Olympic Games as an arena for Olympic education: An evaluation of the school program, “Dream Day”. AUC Kinanthropologica, 54(2), 79–95. https://doi.org/10.14712/23366052.2018.7
- Nordhagen, S. E., & Krieger, J. (2019). Coping with Dual Logics at One Event: The Participating Athletes’ Perceptions from the 2016 Winter Youth Olympic Games. The International Journal of Sport and Society, 11(1), 59-76. https://doi.org/10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/v11i01/59-76
- Paraschak, V. (1991). Sport Festivals and Race Relations in the Northwest Territories of Canada. In G. Jarvie (Ed.), Sport, Racism and Ethnicity (pp. 74-93). Falmer Press.
- Paraschak, V. (1997). Variations in race relations: Sporting events for native peoples in Canada. Sociology of Sport Journal, 14(1), 1-21. URL: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/humankineticspub/13
- Parent, M. (2016). Stakeholder perceptions on the democratic governance of major sports events. Sport Management Review, 19(4), 402-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2015.11.003
- Parry, J. (2012). The Youth Olympic Games. Some Ethical Issues. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 6(2), 138-154. https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2012.671351
- Parry, J. (2016). Olympism for the twenty-first century. In I. Van den Auweele, E. Cook, & J. Parry (Eds.), Ethics and Governance in Sport: The Future of Sport Imagined (pp. 27-34). Routledge.
- Pinson, J. (2019). Les événements sportifs patrimoniaux : développement d’un concept en émergence. Téoros, 38(1). https://doi.org/10.7202/1059750ar
- Polycarpe, C. (2013). Regional Games as an Extension of the Olympic Idea: the Example of the Central American Games (1926). Stadion, 38/39, 57-74.
- Prayag, G., & Grivel, E. (2014). Motivation, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions: segmenting youth participants at the Interamnia World Cup 2012. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 23(3), 148-160.
- Ren C., Mahadevan R. & Fuchs J. (2021). Analyser la valeur des évènements sportifs. Le cas des Jeux d’hiver de l’arctique de 2016. In M. Attali (dir.), L’héritage social d’un évènement sportif. Enjeux contemporains et analyses scientifiques (p. 185-203). Presses universitaires de Rennes.
- Ren, C., & Rasmussen R. K. (2017). “Future games”: Enacting innovation and policy in Greenland. Arctic Yearbook, 6, 247-258.
- Ritchie, J. R. B. (1984). Assessing the impact of hallmark events: Conceptual and research issues. Journal of Travel Research, 23, 2-11.
- Schantz, O. (1998). Education sportive et “éducation olympique” de 1897 à 1997. Réflexions axiologiques. In N. Müller & CIPC (dir.), Coubertin et l’Olympisme. Questions pour l’avenir (p. 222-231). CIPC.
- Szabo, C., Schauerte, G., Lankford, S., & Neal, L. (2003). The Arctic Winter Games Are Hot. Parks and Recreation Canada, 60(5), 38-44.
- Taks, M. (2013). Social sustainability of non-mega sport events in a global world. European Journal for Sport and Society, 10(2), 121-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/16138171.2013.11687915
- Taks, M. (2016). The rise and fall of the mega sport events: The future is in non-mega sport events. In I. Van den Auweele, E. Cook, & J. Parry (Eds.), Ethics and Governance in Sport: The Future of Sport Imagined (pp. 84-93). Routledge.
- Taks, M., Chalip, L., & Green, B. C. (2015). Impacts and strategic outcomes from non-mega sport events for local communities. European Sport Management Quarterly, 15(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2014.995116
- Taks, M., Green, B. C., Misener, L., & Chalip, L. (2014) Evaluating sport development outcomes: the case of a medium-sized international sport event. European Sport Management Quarterly, 14(3), 213-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2014.882370
- Thomsen, R. C., Ren, C., & Mahadevan, R. (2018) “We are the Arctic”: Identities at the Arctic Winter Games 2016. Arctic Anthropolgy, 55(1), 105-118. https://doi.org/10.3368/aa.55.1.105
- Viersac, M. & Attali, M. (2021). Discuter l’héritage social et culturel des grands événements sportifs. Une revue de littérature internationale. STAPS, 134/4, 113-136. https://doi.org/10.3917/sta.pr1.0029
- Wang, Y. (2019). Volunteers’ collective memory as a potential legacy of the Youth Olympic Games (PhD Students Research Grant Program). IOC Olympic Studies Centre.