Résumés
Abstract
The Soviet totalitarian regime not only violated human rights, it pursued an aggressive policy of assimilation, seeking Russian cultural and linguistic hegemony over all Soviet republics. Literary translation was no longer viewed as an apolitical activity and became an ideological weapon and an efficient “means of forced cultural change” (Monticelli). Regime ideologues sought control over both the selection of “reliable” authors / texts for translation and the ways in which these texts were interpreted in the target languages. This policy led to the appearance of massive translations from Russian literature and a widespread practice of indirect translations, with Russian intermediary texts as a criterion of fidelity. In Soviet Ukraine, however, this Russification policy went further and targeted the Ukrainian language itself; this resulted in the lexicographical deactivation of many authentic Ukrainian words and their substitution with Russian counterparts. Extensive repressive practices and tight ideological constraints gave rise to translators’ activism and cultural resistance and inspired translators to take on new roles. The case of Mykola Lukash (1919–88), whose name went down in the history of Ukrainian translation as a symbol of resistance, illustrates some of the social roles performed by translators to resist Russification. Lukash’s actions as translation gatekeeper, cultural custodian, and language guardian exemplified the importance of personal agency and a firm occupational identity for translators who opposed assimilation.
Keywords:
- social role,
- literary translation,
- Soviet Ukraine,
- Russification policy,
- Mykola Lukash
Veuillez télécharger l’article en PDF pour le lire.
Télécharger
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Alvstad, Cecilia, et al., editors. Textual and Contextual Voices of Translation. John Benjamins, 2017.
- Badiak, Volodymyr. Totalitarysm i tvorchyi protses: Zbirnyk naukovo-populiarnykh statei. Lvivs'ka natsional'na akademiia mystetstv, 1995.
- Benenson, Peter. “The Forgotten Prisoners.” The Observer, 28 May 1961. Reprinted in Amnesty International. Speak Free, Information sheet 3, 2011, https://www.amnesty.org.uk/files/info_sheet_3.pdf. Accessed 8 Sept. 2022.
- Bilodid, Ivan. “Mova i ideolohichna borot'ba.” 1974. Excerpts. Reprinted in Ukrains'ka mova u XX storichchi: Istoriia linhvotsydu, edited by Larysa Masenko, Kyievo-Mohylians'ka akademiia, 2005, pp. 276–83.
- Cherevatenko, Leonid. “Notatky z pam''iati (Skorochenyi variant).” Nash Lukash, edited by Leonid Cherevatenko, vol. 2, Kyievo-Mohylians'ka akademiia, 2011, pp. 572–623.
- Cherevatenko, Leonid. “Spodivaius', nikhto ne skazhe, shcho ia ne znaiu ukrains'koi movy.” Frazeolohiia perekladiv Mykoly Lukasha: Slovnyk-dovidnyk, compiled by Oleksandr Skopnenko and Tetiana Tsymbaliuk, Dovira, 2002, pp. 711–34.
- Cherevatenko, Leonid. “Vzhe khoch iak, a nud'hy od s'oho ubude!” Dzhovanni Bokkachcho. Dekameron, translated by Mykola Lukash, compiled and edited by Leonid Cherevatenko, Prosvita, 2006, pp. 5–30.
- Chesterman, Andrew. “The Name and Nature of Translator Studies.” HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business, vol. 22, no. 42, 2009, pp. 13–22. DOI: 10.7146/hjlcb.v22i42.96844.
- Delisle, Jean, and Judith Woodsworth, editors. Translators through History. Revised ed., John Benjamins, 2012.
- Dziuba, Ivan. “Chaklun-kharakternyk ukrains'koho slova.” Nash Lukash, compiled by Leonid Cherevatenko, vol. 1, Kyievo-Mohylians'ka akademiia, 2009, pp. 391–98.
- Eberharter, Markus. “Translator Biographies As a Contribution to Translator Studies: Case Studies from Nineteenth-Century Galicia.” Literary Translator Studies, edited by Klaus Kaindl et al., John Benjamins, 2021, pp. 73–88.
- Kaindl, Klaus. “(Literary) Translator Studies: Shaping the Field.” Literary Translator Studies, edited by Klaus Kaindl et al., John Benjamins, 2021, pp. 1–38.
- Kaindl, Klaus, et al., editors. Literary Translator Studies. John Benjamins, 2021.
- Kas'ianov, Heorhii. Nezhodni: Ukrains'ka intelihentsiia v rusi oporu 1960–80–kh rokiv. Lybid', 1995.
- Kinnunen, Tuija, and Kaisa Koskinen, editors. Translators’ Agency. Tampere UP, 2010.
- Kochur, Hryhorii. “Maistry perekladu.” Vsesvit, no. 4, 1966, pp. 17–25.
- Kochur, Hryhorii. “Vystup na X (Pershomu nezalezhnomu) z''izdi pys'mennykiv Ukraïny.” Literaturna Ukraïna, 25 April 1991.
- Kochur, Hryhorii, and Iryna Voronovych. “Prostiahny cherez prostir svoiu znemozhenu ruku…:” Virshi ta rodynni lysty 1945–1959. Compiled by Mariia Kochur et al., Prava liudyny, 2018.
- Kochur, Hryhorii, and Mykola Lukash. Lystuvannia 1958–1971 rokiv. Compiled by Maksym Strikha, K.I.C., 2019.
- Koptilov, Viktor. “Brama u svit poezii.” Literaturna Ukraïna, 17 Nov. 1964.
- Korniichuk, Oleksandr. “Pro vykonannia Spilkoiu radians'kykh pys'mennykiv Ukraïny postanovy TSK BKP(b) pro zhurnaly ‘Zvezda’ i ‘Leningrad’: Dopovid' holovy pravlinnia Spilky radians'kykh pys'mennykiv Ukraïny.” Literaturna hazeta, 25 Sept. 1947. Reprinted in Maksym Ryl's'kyi, edited by Volodymyr Panchenko and Viktoriia Kolesnyk, Folio, 2019, pp. 181–202.
- Koshelivets', Ivan. “Pro pereklady i rizne inshe.” Suchasnist', no. 4, 1969, pp. 61–75.
- Koval', Vitalii. “Laskavo proshu dozvolyty meni vidbuty zamist' n'oho uv''iaznennia….” Nash Lukash, compiled by Leonid Cherevatenko, vol. 1, Kyievo-Mohylians'ka akademiia, 2009, pp. 347–57.
- Kravchenko, Volodymyr. “The Russian War against Ukraine: Cyclic History vs Fatal Geography.” East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies, vol. 9, no. 1, 2022, pp. 201–08. DOI: 10.21226/ewjus711.
- Kulish, Panteleimon, translator. “Troil ta Kressyda.” Shekspyrovi tvory, Tom 1, 1882, pp. 175–333.
- Lange, Anne. “Henno Rajandi’s Theory of Language and His Practice of Translation.” Interlitteraria, vol. 18, no. 1, 2013, pp. 154–67. DOI: 10.12697/IL.2013.18.1.11.
- Lange, Anne. “Performative Translation Options under the Soviet Regime.” Journal of Baltic Studies, vol. 43, no. 3, 2012, pp. 401–20. DOI: 10.1080/01629778.2011.634699.
- Lukash, Mykola. “Khto taki buly dvoraky.” Vsesvit, no. 2, 1997, pp. 152–54.
- Lukash, Mykola. “Novyi ukrains'ko-rosiis'kyi slovnyk.” Review of Ukrains'ko-rosiis'kyi slovnyk, edited by Ivan Kyrychenko. Vitchyzna, no. 3, 1954, pp. 150–61.
- Lukash, Mykola. “Opus tertium atque ultium: Pro znyzhennia styliu ta pro skryvdzhenoho Mefistofelia.” Vsesvit, no. 2, 1997, pp. 157–60.
- Lukash, Mykola. “Prohresyvna zakhidnoievropeis'ka literatura v perekladakh na ukrains'ku movu.” Mykola Lukash: Motsart ukrains'koho perekladu, edited by Leonid Chernovatyi and V''iacheslav Karaban, Nova Knyha, 2019, pp. 231–80.
- Lukash, Mykola. “Pro zmishuvannia zakhidno-ievropeis'kykh realii z pol's'kymy ta pro tin' Frantsa-Iosyfa.” Vsesvit, no. 2, 1997, pp. 154–57.
- Lukash, Mykola. Review of Ukrainsko-russkii slovar'. Edited by Ivan Kirichenko. Voprosy iazykoznaniia, no. 6, 1954, pp. 121–29.
- Lukash, Mykola, translator. “Troil i Kressida.” Vil'iam Shekspir. Tvory v 6 tomakh, tom 4, Dnipro, 1986, pp. 331–435.
- Miroshnychenko, Mykola. “Ne t'mariat'sia zvuky, ne movknut' barvy.” Interview with Kochur. Literaturna Ukraïna, 16 Mar. 1989.
- Monticelli, Daniele. “‘Totalitarian Translation’ As a Means of Forced Cultural Change: The Case of Postwar Soviet Estonia.” Between Cultures and Texts: Itineraries in Translation History, edited by Antoine Chalvin et al., Peter Lang, 2011, pp. 187–200.
- Monticelli, Daniele, and Anne Lange. “Translation and Totalitarianism: The Case of Soviet Estonia.” The Translator, vol. 20, no. 1, 2014, pp. 95–111. DOI: 10.1080/13556509.2014.899096.
- “Mykola Lukash pid zahrozoiu zaprotorennia u psykhiiatrychnu likarniu.” Suchasnist', no. 10, 1973, p. 125.
- Narubyna, Ieva. “Lukasheve nebo.” Berezil', nos. 1–2, 1996, pp. 118–24.
- Perepadia, Anatol'. “Desiata muza.” Interview with Mykola Bazhan, Borys Ten, Iryna Steshenko, Hryhorii Kochur, Vasyl' Mysyk, Mykola Lukash. Ukraïna: Nauka i kul'tura, [vol. 1], 1966, pp. 408–413.
- Pervomais'kyi, Leonid. “Faust Gete v perekladi M. Lukasha.” Tvorchyi buden': Z shchodennyka poeta, Radians'kyi pys'mennyk, 1967, pp. 315–31.
- Petriashvili, Guram. “Razmyshleniia posle iubileinogo vechera Mykoly Lukasha.” Nash Lukash, edited by Leonid Cherevatenko, vol. 2, Kyievo-Mohylians'ka akademiia, 2011, pp. 364–72.
- Pym, Anthony. “Humanizing Translation History.” HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business, vol. 22, no. 42, 2009, pp. 23–48. DOI: 10.7146/hjlcb.v22i42.96845.
- “Reiestr represovanykh sliv.” Ukrains'ka mova u XX storichchi: Istoriia linhvotsydu, edited by Larysa Masenko, Kyievo-Mohylians'ka akademiia, 2005, pp. 354–399.
- Rusanivs'kyi, Vitalii. “Kul'tura movy suchasnykh khudozhnikh perekladiv.” Movoznavstvo, no. 1, 1974, pp. 3–14. Reprinted in Ukrains'ka mova u XX storichchi: Istoriia linhvotsydu, edited by Larysa Masenko, Kyievo-Mohylians'ka akademiia, 2005, pp. 323–39.
- Savchyn, Valentyna. “Dictionary in the Totalitarian Society: Ukrainian Lexicography in the 20th C.” Contents, Use, Usability: Dictionaries from the Perspective of a Translator and a Language Teacher, edited by Dorota Osuchowska and Lucyna Harmon, Peter Lang, 2019, pp. 119–36.
- Savchyn, Valentyna. Mykola Lukash – podvyzhnyk ukrains'koho khudozhn'oho perekladu. Litopys, 2014.
- Savchyn, Valentyna. “Translator’s Agency and Totalitarian System: A Case Study of Mykola Lukash.” Translation and Power, edited by Lucyna Harmon and Dorota Osuchowska, Peter Lang, 2020, pp. 45–52.
- Sirenko, Hennadii, and Lilia Midak. “Ukrains'ki naukovo-terminolohichni slovnyky, u tomu chysli i khemichnoi terminolohii, shcho znyshcheni komuno-moskovs'kym okupatsiinym rezhymom u 1933 rotsi (pislia henotsydu holodomorom v Ukraїni u 1932–1933 rokakh).” Visnyk Prykarpats'koho natsional'noho universytetu imeni Vasylia Stefanyka. Seriia Khimiia, vol. 7, 2009, pp. 107–08.
- Shevel'ov, Iurii. “Ukrains'ka mova v pershii polovyni dvadtsiatoho stolittia (1900–1941): Stan i status.” Shevel'ov Iurii. Vybrani pratsi. Movoznavstvo, edited by Larysa Masenko, Kyievo-Mohylians'ka akademiia, 2008, pp. 26–279.
- “Spetsial'noe soobshchenie № 214 ot 3 aprelia 1973 g. ot Predsedatelia Komiteta gosbezopasnosti pri Sovete Ministrov Ukrainskoi SSR V. Fedorchuka—tovarishchu Shcherbitskomu V. V.; 3.04.1973; Sovershenno sekretno.” Nash Lukash, edited by Leonid Cherevatenko, vol. 2, Kyievo-Mohylians'ka akademiia, 2011, pp. 253–55.
- Strikha, Maksym. Ukrains'kyi pereklad i perekladachi: mizh literaturoiu i natsiietvorenniam. Dukh i Litera, 2020.
- Synychenko, Oleksa, compiler. Skarbnytsia ukrains'koi movy. Pryroda: Slovnyk poniat'. Iaroslaviv Val, 2021.
- Tarnavs'kyi, Iurii. “Pid tykhymy olyvamy, abo Varenyky zamist' hitar.” Suchasnist', no. 3, 1969, pp. 71–91.
- Tkachenko, Vsevolod. “Velet ukrains'koho krasnoho pys'menstva iak nezlamnyi oboronets' ridnoi movy.” Nash Lukash, edited by Leonid Cherevatenko, vol. 2, Kyievo-Mohylians'ka akademiia, 2011, pp. 474–93.
- Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. John Benjamins, 1995.
- Tsymbaliuk-Skopnenko, Tetiana. “Dzherela frazeolohii idiostyliu Mykoly Lukasha kriz' pryzmu ioho kartoteky.” Ukrains'ka mova, no. 1, 2019, pp. 126–37.
- Tymoczko, Maria. Enlarging Translation, Empowering Translators. Routledge, 2014.
- Tymoczko, Maria. Translation, Resistance, Activism. Massachusetts UP, 2010.
- Witt, Susanna. “Between the Lines: Totalitarianism and Translation in the USSR.” Contexts, Subtexts and Pretexts. Literary Translation in Eastern Europe and Russia, edited by Brian James Baer, John Benjamins, 2011, pp. 149–70. DOI: 10.1075/btl.89.13wit.
- Witt, Susanna. “Institutionalized Intermediates: Conceptualizing Soviet Practices of Indirect Literary Translation.” Translation Studies, vol. 10, no. 2, 2017, pp. 166–82. DOI: 10.1080/14781700.2017.1281157.
- Witt, Susanna. “The Shorthand of Empire: Podstrochnik Practices and the Making of Soviet Literature.” Ab Imperio, no. 3, 2013, pp. 155–90. DOI: 10.1353/imp.2013.0080.
- Zholdak, Bohdan. Pid zirkoiu Lukasha. Dukh i Litera, 2018.