Better “Death in Its Most Awful Shapes” than Life in Nova Scotia: Climate Change and the Nova Scotia Maroons, 1796-1800

Vanek, Morgan

doi:https://doi.org/10.7202/1080275ar

An Act Respecting Immigration. Ottawa, 1910. Early Canadiana Online, www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.9_07184/2?r=0&s=1.

Arbuthnot, John. An Essay Concerning the Effects of Air on Human Bodies. London, 1733.

Asaka, Ikuko. Tropical Freedom: Climate, Settler Colonialism, and Black Exclusion in the Age of Emancipation. Duke UP, 2017.

Google Scholar 10.1215/9780822372752

Aubin, Isabelle. “Vulnerability of Canadian Forest Tree Species to Climate Change.” Frontline Express 79. Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 2014. Natural Resources Canada, cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/pubwarehouse/pdfs/35806.pdf.

Google Scholar

Baucom, Ian. “History 4o: Postcolonial Method and Anthropocene Time.” Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry, vol. 1, no. 1, 2014, pp. 123-42. Cambridge Core, .

Google Scholar 10.1017/pli.2013.13

Bewell, Alan. “Jefferson’s Thermometer: Colonial Biogeographical Constructions of the Climate of America.” Romantic Science: The Literary Forms of Natural History, edited by Noah Heringman, State U of New York P, 2003, pp. 111-38.

Google Scholar

Blome, Richard. A Description of the Island of Jamaica; With the Other Isles and Territories in America, to Which the English Are Related. London, 1672.

Google Scholar

Brown, Wendy. Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism’s Stealth Revolution. Zone Books, 2015.

Google Scholar 10.2307/j.ctt17kk9p8

Campbell, Mavis C. Headnote to Document 41. Campbell, Nova Scotia, p. 58.

Google Scholar

Campbell, Mavis C. Introduction. Campbell, Nova Scotia, pp. ix-xviii.

Google Scholar

Campbell, Mavis C. The Maroons of Jamaica 1655-1796: A History of Resistance, Collaboration and Betrayal. Bergin & Garvey, 1988.

Google Scholar

Campbell, Mavis C, editor. Nova Scotia and the Fighting Maroons: A Documentary History. Department of Anthropology, College of William and Mary, 1990. Studies in Third World Societies 41.

Google Scholar

“Captain Andrew Smith to Brother Charles Samuels. Maroon Hall Near Halifax, Nova Scotia, 3rd June 1797: C.O. 217/69.” Campbell, Nova Scotia, pp. 58-59.

Google Scholar

Chakrabarty, Dipesh. “The Climate of History: Four Theses.” Critical Inquiry, vol. 35, no.2, 2009, pp. 197-222. JSTOR, .

Google Scholar 10.1086/596640

“climate.” Cryosphere Glossary, National Snow and Ice Data Center, nsidc.org/cryosphere/glossary?keys=climate.

Google Scholar

Coelho, Philip R.P., and Robert A. McGuire. “African and European Bound Labor in the British New World: The Biological Consequences of Economic Choices.” Journal of Economic History, vol. 57, no. 1, 1997, pp. 83-115.

Google Scholar 10.1017/S0022050700017939

Crosby, Alfred W. Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900. 2nd ed., Cambridge UP, 2004.

Google Scholar 10.1017/CBO9780511805554

Crutzen, Paul J. “Geology of Mankind.” Nature, 3 Jan. 2002, p. 23.

Google Scholar 10.1038/415023a

Dallas, R.C. The History of the Maroons, from Their Origin to the Establishment of Their Chief Tribe at Sierra Leone. Vol. 2, London, 1803.

Google Scholar

Delaney, Trynne. “Dispersal.” MA thesis. U of Calgary, 2020.

Google Scholar

Drayton, Richard. Nature’s Government: Science, Imperial Britain, and the “Improvement” of the World. Yale UP, 2000.

Google Scholar

Fleming, James Rodger. Historical Perspectives on Climate Change. Oxford UP, 1998.

Google Scholar 10.1093/oso/9780195078701.001.0001

Fortin, Jeffrey A. “‘Blackened Beyond Our Native Hue’: Removal, Identity and the Trelawney Maroons on the Margins of the Atlantic World, 1796-1800.” Citizenship Studies, vol. 10, no. 1, 2006, pp. 5-34. Taylor & Francis Online, .

Google Scholar 10.1080/13621020500525902

Fraser, Nancy. “Contradictions of Capital and Care.” New Left Review, no. 100, 2016, pp.99-117. newleftreview.org/issues/II100/articles/nancy-fraser-contradictions-of-capitaland-care.pdf.

Google Scholar

Fraser, Nancy. Fortunes of Feminism: From State-Managed Capitalism to Neoliberal Crisis. Verso Books, 2013.

Google Scholar

Ghosh, Amitav. The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable. U of Chicago P, 2016.

Google Scholar 10.7208/chicago/9780226323176.001.0001

Glacken, Clarence J. Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century. U of California P, 1967.

Google Scholar 10.1525/9780520343054

Glave, Dianne D., and Mark Stoll. “African American Environmental History: An Introduction.” Glave and Stoll, “To Love the Wind and the Rain,” pp. 1-8.

Google Scholar 10.2307/j.ctt5hjs5p.5

Glave, Dianne D., and Mark Stoll, editors. “To Love the Wind and the Rain”: African Americans and Environmental History. U of Pittsburgh P, 2006.

Google Scholar 10.2307/j.ctt5hjs5p

Glossary. Special Report: Global Warming of 1.5ºC, edited by J.B. Robin Matthews, IPCC, 2018, www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/glossary/.

Google Scholar

Gohmann, Joanna M. “Colonizing through Clay: A Case Study of the Pineapple in British Material Culture.” Eighteenth-Century Fiction, vol. 31, no. 1, 2018, pp. 143-61.

Google Scholar 10.3138/ecf.31.1.143

“The Humble Petition of the Unfortunate Maroons [n.d.]: C.O. 217/69.” Campbell, Nova Scotia, pp. 57-58.

Google Scholar

Hume, David. Essays: Moral, Political, and Literary. Vol. 1, edited by Eugene F. Miller, Liberty Classics, 1987.

Google Scholar

“A Hundred Years of Immigration to Canada 1900-1999.” Canadian Council for Refugees, May 2000, ccrweb.ca/en/hundred-years- immigration-canada-1900-1999.

Google Scholar

Klepp, Susan E. “Seasoning and Society: Racial Differences in Mortality in Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia.” The William and Mary Quarterly, vol. 51, no. 3, 1994, pp.473-506. JSTOR, .

Google Scholar 10.2307/2947439

Knowles, Valerie. Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015. 4th ed., Dundurn, 2016.

Google Scholar

Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. “The Puzzle of the American Climate in the Early Colonial Period.” The American Historical Review, vol. 87, no. 5, 1982, pp. 1262-89. JSTOR, .

Google Scholar 10.2307/1856913

“Letter from One Mr. Scott to Portland, 8th September 1796: C.O. 217/67.” Campbell, Nova Scotia, pp. 14-15.

Google Scholar

“Letter from Sir John Wentworth to the Duke of Portland,” 23 June 1798. African Nova Scotians in the Age of Slavery and Abolition. Nova Scotia Archives, novascotia.ca/archives/africanns/archives.asp?ID=57.

Google Scholar

Levitt, Ruth. “‘A Noble Present of Fruit’: A Transatlantic History of Pineapple Cultivation.” Garden History, vol. 42, no. 1, 2014, pp. 106-19.

Google Scholar

Mallipeddi, Ramesh. Spectacular Suffering: Witnessing Slavery in the Eighteenth-Century British Atlantic. U of Virginia P, 2016.

Google Scholar

Markley, Robert. “‘A Putridness in the Air’: Monsoons and Mortality in Seventeenth-Century Bombay.” Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies, vol. 10, no. 2, 2010, pp. 105-25.

Google Scholar 10.1353/jem.2011.0000

“Maroon Petition to Balcarres, 27th April 1796: C.0. 137/96.” Campbell, Nova Scotia, pp. 3-4.

Google Scholar

“Maroon Petition to His Majesty’s Ministers, 12th August 1797: C.O. 217/69.” Campbell, Nova Scotia, p. 65.

Google Scholar

“Maroon Petition to Portland, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 4th November 1797: C.O. 217/69.” Campbell, Nova Scotia, pp. 60-61.

Google Scholar

“Maroon Petition to the House of Commons of Great Britain, n.d.: C.O. 217/70.” Campbell, Nova Scotia, pp. 91-92.

Google Scholar

“Maroon Petition to Wentworth, 4th April 1798: C.O. 217/69.” Campbell, Nova Scotia, pp. 61-62.

Google Scholar

McNeill, J.R. “Introductory Remarks: The Anthropocene and the Eighteenth Century.” Eighteenth-Century Studies, vol. 49, no. 2, 2016, pp. 117-28.

Google Scholar 10.1353/ecs.2016.0005

Menely, Tobias. “‘The Present Obfuscation’: Cowper’s Task and the Time of Climate Change.” PMLA, vol. 127, no. 3, 2012, pp. 477-92.

Google Scholar 10.1632/pmla.2012.127.3.477

Merchant, Carolyn. Ecological Revolutions: Nature, Gender, and Science in New England. 2nd ed., U of North Carolina P, 2010.

Google Scholar

Mikhail, Alan. “Enlightenment Anthropocene.” Eighteenth-Century Studies, vol. 49, no.2, 2016, pp. 211-31.

Google Scholar 10.1353/ecs.2016.0002

Moore, Jason W. Capitalism in the Web of Life: Ecology and the Accumulation of Capital. Verso Books, 2015.

Google Scholar

The Parliamentary Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the Houses of Lords and Commons. Vol. 5, London, 1797-1803.

Google Scholar

The Parliamentary Register; or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the Houses of Lords and Commons. Vol. 6, London, 1797-1802.

Google Scholar

Parrish, Susan Scott. American Curiosity: Cultures of Natural History in the Colonial British Atlantic World. U of North Carolina P, 2006.

Google Scholar

Perry, Tony C. “In Bondage When Cold Was King: The Frigid Terrain of Slavery in Antebellum Maryland.” Slavery and Abolition, vol. 38, no. 1, 2017, pp. 23-36. Taylor and Francis Online, .

Google Scholar 10.1080/0144039X.2017.1284923

Polanyi, Karl. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. 1957. Beacon Press, 2001.

Google Scholar

Pratt, Mary Louise. Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. 2nd ed., Routledge, 2008.

Google Scholar

Sharpe, Christina. In the Wake: On Blackness and Being. Duke UP, 2016.

Google Scholar 10.1515/9780822373452

Shepard, R. Bruce. Deemed Unsuitable: Blacks from Oklahoma Move to the Canadian Prairies in Search of Equality in the Early 20th Century, Only to Find Racism in Their New Home. Umbrella Press, 1997.

Google Scholar

Simmons, Kristen. “Settler Atmospherics.” Fieldsights, 20 Nov. 2017, culanth.org/fieldsights/settler-atmospherics.

Google Scholar

Smith, Kimberly K. African American Environmental Thought: Foundations. UP of Kansas, 2007.

Google Scholar

Stewart, Mart A. “Slavery and the Origins of African American Environmentalism.” Glave and Stoll, “To Love the Wind and the Rain,” pp. 9-20.

Google Scholar 10.2307/j.ctt5hjs5p.6

TallBear, Kim. “American Progress Redux: Elizabeth Warren’s DNA and Settler Mythology.” The Cultural Politics of DNA: Calgary Institute for the Humanities Annual Community Forum 2019. Calgary Institute for the Humanities, 3 May 2019. Address.

Google Scholar

Wahrman, Dror. The Making of the Modern Self: Identity and Culture in Eighteenth-Century England. Yale UP, 2004.

Google Scholar

Waldron, Ingrid R.G. “Re-Thinking Waste: Mapping Racial Geographies of Violence on the Colonial Landscape.” Environmental Sociology, vol. 4, no. 1, 2018, pp. 36-53. Taylor and Francis Online, .

Google Scholar 10.1080/23251042.2018.1429178

Waldron, Ingrid R.G. There’s Something in the Water: Environmental Racism in Indigenous and Black Communities. Fernwood Publishing, 2018.

Google Scholar

Warren, Christian. “Northern Chills, Southern Fevers: Race-Specific Mortality in American Cities, 1730-1900.” The Journal of Southern History, vol. 63, no. 1, 1997, pp. 23-56. JSTOR, .

Google Scholar 10.2307/2211942

Wear, Andrew. “The Prospective Colonist and Strange Environments: Advice on Health and Prosperity.” Cultivating the Colonies: Colonial States and Their Environmental Legacies, edited by Christina Folke Ax et al., Ohio UP, 2011, pp. 19-46. Ohio University Research in International Studies, Global and Comparative Studies Series 12.

Google Scholar

“Wentworth Report on the Maroons.” 21 April 1797. African Nova Scotians in the Age of Slavery and Abolition. Nova Scotia Archives, novascotia.ca/archives/Africanns/archives.asp?ID=55.

Google Scholar

“Wentworth to Portland, 13th August 1796: C.O. 217/67.” Campbell, Nova Scotia, pp.18-20.

Google Scholar

“Wentworth to Portland, 29th October 1796: C.O. 217/67.” Campbell, Nova Scotia, pp.30-33.

Google Scholar

“Wentworth to Portland, 13th April 1799: C.O. 217/70.” Campbell, Nova Scotia, pp. 107-09.

Google Scholar

“Wentworth to Portland, 30th May 1799, with enclosure; C.O. 217/70.” Campbell, Nova Scotia, pp. 113-17.

Google Scholar

Wheeler, Roxann. The Complexion of Race: Categories of Difference in Eighteenth-Century British Culture. U of Pennsylvania P, 2000. New Cultural Studies.

Google Scholar 10.9783/9780812200140

White, Sam. “Climate, History, and Culture in the United States.” WIREs Climate Change, vol. 9, no. 6, 2018, pp. 1-12. Wiley Online Library, .

Google Scholar 10.1002/wcc.556

White, Sam. A Cold Welcome: The Little Ice Age and Europe’s Encounter with North America. Harvard UP, 2017.

Google Scholar 10.4159/9780674981331

Winks, Robin W. The Blacks in Canada: A History. 2nd ed., McGill-Queen’s UP, 1997. Carleton Library Series 192.

Google Scholar

Yarhi, Eli. “Order-in-Council P.C. 1911-1324 — the Proposed Ban on Black Immigration to Canada.” The Canadian Encyclopedia, 26 Feb. 2020, www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/order-in-council-pc-1911-1324-the-proposed-ban-on-black-immigrationto-canada.

Google Scholar

Zilberstein, Anya. A Temperate Empire: Making Climate Change in Early America. Oxford UP, 2016.

Google Scholar 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190206598.001.0001

Parties annexes

Bibliography

Outils de citation

Citer cet article

Exporter la notice de cet article