Résumés
Résumé
Les atlas de répartition constituent une source de bonne qualité concernant la présence d’espèces selon un maillage géographique régulier. Utilisée généralement pour décrire la répartition des espèces, cette information a rarement été rassemblée dans une étude intergroupe pour tenter de représenter la biodiversité française dans son ensemble. Cet article amorce un travail de valorisation des données issues d’atlas faunistiques consacrés au territoire français. Sept atlas publiés, couvrant au total 507 espèces de vertébrés continentaux et 425 insectes, ont été analysés. Différents indicateurs sont calculés pour chaque maille géographique pour mettre en avant les « hotspots » de biodiversité : la richesse spécifique, la richesse en espèces rares, la rareté relative et un indice de contribution à la biodiversité calculé par optimisation spatiale (logiciel Marxan). De grands ensembles zoogéographiques sont définis par des méthodes d’ordination et de classification. Dix-sept cartes synthétiques illustrent les grands patrons de répartition de la biodiversité française. L’étude est essentiellement descriptive et ne propose qu’une interprétation écologique limitée. La pertinence des différents indices, la représentativité taxonomique et les utilisations de ces cartes dans une perspective appliquée à la conservation et à l’information du public sont discutées.
Mots-clés :
- biogéographie,
- faune,
- distribution,
- diversité taxonomique,
- inventaire,
- irremplaçabilité,
- indicateur de biodiversité
Abstract
Atlases are regarded as a source of data of good quality regarding the presence of species in regular geographic grids. These data are commonly used to describe the distribution of individual species in France, but were rarely assembled in a multi-taxa study to reflect biodiversity as a whole. This paper is intended as a first step towards the valuation of data from faunal atlases on French territory. In this study, seven published atlases covering 507 vertebrate species and 425 insect species were combined for analyses. Different indices designed to pinpoint biodiversity hotspots were calculated for each quadrat in a regular grid covering the whole country : species richness, rare species richness, relative rarity index and an index of contribution to the global biodiversity calculated with spatial optimisation software (Marxan). Large scale zoogeographical ensembles were defined using ordination and classification methods. Seventeen synthetic maps are provided to illustrate the large-scale patterns of French biodiversity. This work is mostly intended as a descriptive approach ; therefore, only a limited ecological interpretation is provided. The relevance of the different indices, taxonomic representativeness and possible uses of these maps of biodiversity for conservation and public information are discussed.
Keywords:
- biogeography,
- fauna,
- distribution,
- taxonomic diversity,
- inventory,
- irreplaceability,
- biodiversity indicator
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Parties annexes
Remerciements
Nous remercions le Pôle système d’information du Service du patrimoine naturel au Muséum national d’histoire naturelle pour la mise à disposition et le traitement initial des bases de données, Jean-Philippe Siblet et Laurent Poncet pour leur soutien bienveillant ainsi que Vincent Graffin et la Direction déléguée au développement durable, à la conservation de la nature et à l’expertise (DDCNE) pour le financement de la phase d’analyse et le Labex BCDiv (Diversités biologiques et culturelles : Origines, Évolution, Interactions, Devenir) pour le financement de la phase de rédaction de cet article. Nous remercions également les deux réviseurs pour leurs commentaires et appréciations.
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